Essay Final Draft

Our Biodiversity, Their Homes

Global warming, loss of biodiversity, financial crisis and inequalities are problems faced in the modern world as a result of rapid globalization, as asserted by Goldin (2009) in his TED lecture.  He continued by reaffirming that as rapid globalization increases its influences and outreach, solutions have to be formulated to tackle these crises.

In order to keep up with globalization, government bodies have turned to urbanization in order to make space for various booming industries. This inevitably results in a loss of local biodiversity. The world’s biodiversity is diminishing. 75% of the world’s original biodiversity had been lost, as recorded in the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (International Union for Conservation of Nature, 2005). Singapore started off as a highly vegetated island. Progressively, we are deeply etched in globalization as well as development. Lands were cleared to make room for industries and housing purposes. Places used to be full of exuberant flora and fauna (Chang, 2003) were being replaced by modern appendages. Urbanization occurred gradually, resulting in a transformation of a country filled with biodiversity to one full of modernized buildings. Singapore is one of the few countries with a 100% urbanized population (Central Intelligence Agency, 2011). Based on Goldin’s assertions and the evidence presented, it is inevitable to allege that Singapore has lost a huge part of her biodiversity as a result of rapid urbanization, fuelled by globalization. There are two main causes to the depreciating local biodiversity, namely land development and land reclamation. Although measures were taken in the past to retain the Singapore’s current level of biodiversity, the measures taken were insufficient. Many species were still on the brink of extinction as a result of loss of biodiversity (Barry, Navjot & Ng, 2003). In response, there are several viable solutions such as government initiatives and increasing the conservation activities of nature area.

Much land development had taken place since the days of British colonization, directly resulting in extensive deforestation. In 1819, Singapore was covered with lush forest (Lum, 1999), with more than 80% lowland forest. Today, there is less than 2,000 hectares of primary forest. This amounts to 3% of the total land area of Singapore (Corlett, 1992). This dramatic plunge in amount of biodiversity is a result of land development. Nature has to be forgone for housing development purposes. Forests were constantly being gazette to make way for high-rise buildings and industries. As compared to the “virgin” Singapore in the past, there is a remarkable spike in the number of industries and towering buildings, such as housing estates (Housing Development Board, 2009). Jurong used to be a swamp along the west coast of Singapore. As a result of Singapore’s industrialization program, Jurong has transformed into Singapore’s first industrial estate (Singapore Economic Development Board, n.d.). Tremendous biodiversity was being lost as a result of land development and urbanization.

Being the “little red dot”, land reclamation has been the most viable method to increase the availability of usable land thus far given the limited land spaces in Singapore. Land reclamation was initiated in 1960 and has been rampant up till today. Beginning with 578.1km², there is a 22.9% increase in amount of land as a result of land reclamation (NUS Faculty of Science, 2009). East Coast and Jurong Island are reclaimed lands for residential purposes and petrochemical industries respectively (Urban Redevelopment Authority, n.d.). However, it is happening at the expense of our biodiversity. Land reclamation has adversely affected the marine and coastal habitats (OSPAR Commission, 2008), with the coral reefs being reported as the most threatened species (NUS Reef Ecology Study Team, n.d.). Since 1986, Singapore has lost 65% of the coral reefs living in coastal and marine habitats (NUS Faculty of Science, 2009). To keep up with globalization, land reclamation for housing and industrial purposes is inevitable. As a result, Singapore’s biodiversity was perpetually and permanently lost.

In recognizing the evident loss of biodiversity, Singapore came up with mitigation factors such as the Singapore Green Plan (SGP) in 1992 (National Park Board Singapore, 2011). A total of 19 areas were designated as nature areas. However, no concrete actions were taken, resulting in the loss of 17 out of the 19 nature areas (Lim, 2000). The two remaining nature areas are Bukit Timah and Central Catchment Area. Khatib Bongsu, which is a designated nature wetland site, is under constant threat for development (Lim, 2000). These government initiatives have to be implemented in order to conserve Singapore’s biodiversity. To ensure effectiveness of the Singapore Green Plan and protection of the biodiversity, constant reviews and improvements should be made (National Park Board Singapore, 2011). The Singapore government can better enhance the conservation of biodiversity while developing herself by coming up with new initiatives. A new initiative derived was the Sustainable Singapore Blueprint (National Park Board Singapore, 2011), which serves as a guide for ecological sustainable development strategies. The government can also preserve Singapore’s remaining biodiversity by increasing the number of parks and nature reserves. For example, Singapore National Park Board projected an increase in park connectors and nature areas within the next ten years (National Park Board Singapore, 2011). Such initiatives are crucial in mitigating biodiversity loss.

Globalization is a dual-edged knife. Singapore’s biodiversity is constantly put at risk as a result of globalization. In order to keep up with globalization, urbanization has encouraged rapid land development and reclamation. In turn, it has exacerbated the rate of diminishing biodiversity. Mitigation factors such as government initiatives and increasing nature conservation activities have been initiated to preserve our existing biodiversity. Whilst we are coming up with conservative solution, vast biodiversity had already been lost. Is it too late for a change and how much development are we willing to forsake for conservation?

References:

Barry W. B., Navjot S. S., Ng. K. L. P. (2003, July 24). Catastrophic extinctions follow deforestation in Singapore. Letters to Nature, Nature 424, 420-426. Retrieved from http://www.wildsingapore.com/news/2004/030724-1.htm

Central Intelligence Agency. (2011). The world Factbook. Retrieved from https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2212.html

Chang A. L. (2003, July 24). Singapore has lost half its animal species: Study. The Straits Time. Retrieved from http://www.wildsingapore.com/news/2004/030724-1.htm

Corlett, R.T. 1992. The ecological transformation of Singapore, 1819-1990. Journal of Biogeo- graphy 19: 411-420

Housing Development Board. (2009). Key Statistics since 1960: Building Statistics. Retrieved from http://www.hdb.gov.sg/fi10/fi10221p.nsf/0/d4a0f107613b79944825766200236310/$file/Key%20Statistics.pdf

International Union for Conservation of Nature. (2005). Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. Retrieved from http://www.globalissues.org/article/171/loss-of-biodiversity-and-extinctions.

Lim K. S. (2000). Conserving Singapore ‘s Biodiversity. Retrieved from http://habitatnews.nus.edu.sg/pub/naturewatch/text/a082a.htm

Lum, S.K.Y. 1999. Tropical Rainforest. Pp 24-34 in Briffett, C. and Ho, H.C. (Eds.), State of the Natural Environment in Singapore. Nature Society (Singapore), Singapore.

Ministry of the Environment and Water Resources. (n.d.). Grab Our Resources: Singapore Green Plan. Retrieved from http://app.mewr.gov.sg/web/Contents/Contents.aspx?ContId=1342

National Park Board Singapore. (2011).  4^th National Report to the Convention of Biological Diversity. Retrieved from http://www.cbd.int/doc/world/sg/sg-nr-04-en.pdf

NUS Faculty of Science: Department of Biological Sciences. (2009). The Heritage of Singapore: Land Area of the Republic of Singapore. Retrieved from http://www.dbs.nus.edu.sg/staff/details/hugh_tan/Ch4%20Waste-%20and%20Reclaimed%20Land%20p.%2078.pdf

Commision. (2008). Assessment of the environmental impact of land reclamation. Retrieved from http://qsr2010.ospar.org/media/assessments/p00368_Land_Reclamation.pdf

Reef Ecology Study Team, NUS. (n.d.). Coral Reefs of Singapore. Retrieved from http://coralreef.nus.edu.sg

Singapore Economic Development Board. (n.d.). Our History: The 1960s: The development of labour-intensive industrialization. Retrieved from http://www.edb.gov.sg/content/edb/en/about-edb/company-information/our-history.html

Urban Redevelopment Authority. (n.d.). Designing Our City: Planning for a Sustainable Singapore. Retrieved from http://www.ura.gov.sg/skyline/skyline12/skyline12-03/special/URA_Designing%20our%20City%20Supplement_July12.pdf

Essay draft 2

Global warming, loss of biodiversity, financial crisis and equalities are problems faced in the modern world as a result of rapid globalization, as asserted by Goldin. Goldin continued by affirming that as rapid globalization increases her influences and outreach, solutions have to be formulated to tackle these crises.

We are part of globalization and globalization is part of us. Globalization has caused us to become more intertwined and interdependent (James & Jonathan, 2008). The bullet-fast rate of globalization has caused us our insatiable needs and wants. On the surface, we are delighted when our daily needs and wants are being satisfied. Beneath the superficiality, we have no knowledge upon what we need to forgo as a result of our greed. Our biodiversity is diminishing. We have lost 75% of our original biodiversity as recorded in the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (International Union for Conservation of Nature, 2005). Singapore started off as a highly vegetated island. Progressively, we are deeply etched in globalization as well as development. Changes took place over time, resulting in a change from an island filled with biodiversity to one full of modernized buildings. Singapore is one of the few countries with a 100% urbanized population (Central Intelligence Agency, 2011). Based on Goldin’s assertions and the statistics presented, it is inevitable to allege that Singapore has lost a huge part of her biodiversity as a result of rapid globalization. There are several causes to the depreciating local biodiversity such as toxic chemicals pollution and global warming. In contrast, there are several solutions implemented such as law enforcement and long-term education.

Competition among nations as a result of globalization has concluded an increased number of industries (Paul, 2007). There is an imminent increase in industrial activities globally. Wealthier countries such as the United States utilizes the comparative advantage of countries such as China where there is an abundance of labour force (Jici & Lixia, 2009). In countries where productions materialize, there is minimal control in disposal of waste (Eurostat, 2013). This instantaneously led to an increase in pollution and global warming (National Geographic, 2007). Global warming is a ubiquitous challenge faced in countries, as agreed by Goldin. It is commonly defined as an increase in atmospheric temperature. The atmospheric temperature has been increasing yearly, resulting in unsuitable conditions for organisms to live in (Natural Resources Defense Council, 2008). Organisms that are not able to sustain in this harsh condition will gradually perish. Singapore has experienced an increase in global temperature and irregular rain pattern, resulting in a non-optimal living condition for various species (National Environment Agency, 2014).

As organisms perish, our biodiversity is declining. Laws have been enforced to control the amount of pollutant emission (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2012). The Singapore government has legislated a considerable number of environmental protect laws. Under the Environmental Public Heath Act, Chapter 95 and Section 113, industries have to conform to the toxic industrial waste regulation (Attorney- General’s Chambers, 1988). However, the implementation of laws does not totally uproot this deeply rooted problem. It only mitigates and not eradicates the problem. In the eyes of shrewd producers, an implemented law does not restrict them from emitting more so long as their profit outweighs their penalty.

Preventing global warming by restricting pollutant emission cannot be mitigated overnight. A long-term universal solution is needed – education. Through education, the self-awareness of individuals will be increased. The government body should spearhead these extensive educational movements. The Ministry of Education of Singapore has added environmental protection into the syllabus of our students (Ministry of Education, 2006). These educational values should be extended to every citizen of Singapore. The government bodies have, thus far, employed a multitude of education activities, ranging from booths campaigns to pamphlets and brochures (National Environment Agency, n.d.). These education methods that was employed in schools have impacted the lives of our younger generation. By extrapolating the effects after education the general public, we can safely proclaim Singapore as a greener country than before. Singapore’s National Environmental Agency advocates educating people of all age on environment education and its efforts have proved to be successful as there was a remarkable fall in environmental protection (Victoria, 2010). Environmental protection is the responsibility of every individual. The fate of our future generation hinges in our hands. These ideas should be brought forward to everyone. Educating the hearts and minds, yet not the hands, is a vital process. Despite these solutions available, I would like to reiterate that globalization has indirectly resulted in a lost of biodiversity as a result of global warming which is caused by pollutants and greenhouse gas emission.

Globalization is a dual-edged knife. While it may satisfy our craving for products, our biodiversity is constantly put at stake. Insignificant effects of globalization such as migration and global warming have exacerbated the rate of diminishing biodiversity. Mitigation factors such as preserving nature reserves and law enforcement may seem viable, but this is not true in the long run. A more enduring solution such as education is needed to protect our generations, as well as the future. Whilst we are coming up with modernistic solution, vast biodiversity are still being lost. Is it that we are not doing enough, or that the rate of globalization is too fast that we are unable to comprehend?

References:

James R. Faulconbridge & Jonathan V. Beaverstock, 2008, Globalization: Interconnected Worlds, page 331, retrieved from http://www.corwin.com/upm-data/24132_19_Hollway_Ch_19.pdf

International Union for Conservation of Nature, 2005, Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. retrieved from http://www.globalissues.org/article/171/loss-of-biodiversity-and-extinctions

Central Intelligence Agency, 2011, The world Factbook, retrieved from https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2212.html

Paul Halsall, 2007, Modern History Sourcebook: Tables Illustrating the Spread of Industrialization, Table 1 & Table 2, retrieve from http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/indrevtabs1.asp

Jici Wang & Lixia Mei, 2009, Dynamics of labour-intensive clusters in China: Relying on low labour cost or cultivating innovation, retrieved from http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---inst/documents/publication/wcms_193157.pdf

Eurostat, 2013, Waste Statistics, retrieved from http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/statistics_explained/index.php/Waste_statistics

National Geographic, 2007, Global Warming Fast Facts, retrieved from http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/12/1206_041206_global_warming.html

Natural Resources Defense Council, 2008, The Consequence of Global Warming On Wildlife, http://www.nrdc.org/globalwarming/fcons/fcons3.asp

National Environment Agency, 2014, Weather Statistics, http://app2.nea.gov.sg/weather-climate/climate-information/weather-statistics

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2012, Law and Policies, http://www.epa.gov/oppt/p2home/pubs/laws.htm

Attorney- General’s Chambers, 1988, Environmental Public Health (Toxic Industrial Waste) Regulation, retrieved from http://statutes.agc.gov.sg/aol/search/display/view.w3p;page=0;query=CompId%3Ab832ea0f-e6fb-4d56-96f0-bc3a4ec0b54c%20ValidTime%3A20130821000000%20TransactionTime%3A20130821000000;rec=0;resUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fagcvldb.agc.gov.sg%3A443%2Faol%2Fbrowse%2FtitleResults.w3p%3Bletter%3DE%3Btype%3DactsCur

Ministry of Education, 2006, Lower Secondary School Geography Syllabus, retrieved from http://www.moe.gov.sg/education/syllabuses/humanities/files/geography-lower-secondary-2006.pdf

National Environment Agency, n.d., Environment Education in Singapore, retrieved from http://unfccc.int/files/cooperation_and_support/education_and_outreach/application/pdf/ap2009p12.pdf

Victoria Vaughan, 2010, Is Singapore the worst environmental offender?, retrieved from http://news.asiaone.com/News/AsiaOne+News/Singapore/Story/A1Story20100514-216266.html

Essay Draft 1

We are part of globalization and globalization is part of us. Globalization has caused us to become intertwined and interdependent (Faulconbridge, & Beaverstock, 2008). The bullet-fast rate of globalization is caused us - our insatiable needs and wants. On the surface, we are delighted when our daily needs and wants are being satisfied. Beneath the superficiality, we have no knowledge upon what we need to forgo as a result of our greed. Our biodiversity is diminishing. We have lost 75% of our original biodiversity as recorded in the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (International Union for Conservation of Nature, 2005). Singapore started off as a highly vegetated island. Progressively, we are deeply etched in globalization as well as development. Changes took place over time, resulting in a change from an island filled with biodiversity to one full of modernized buildings. Singapore is one of the few countries with a 100% urbanized population (Central Intelligence Agency, 2011). It is inevitable to assert that Singapore has lost a huge part of her biodiversity as a result of rapid globalization. There are several causes to the depreciating local biodiversity such as migration and global warming. In contrast, there are several solutions implemented such as law enforcement and long-term education.

Deforestation and lost of biodiversity is prevalent in Singapore (Brook, Sodhi & Ng, 2003). Our forefathers started off in a sparsely vegetated island and our current generation is starting off in a hugely urbanized environment. Globalization has increased human traffic all around the globe. It is a common knowledge for migration to occur (The World Bank, 2009). In the past few years, Singapore has experienced an influx of immigrants (Central Intelligence Agency, 2013). In order to accommodate the incoming immigrants and the booming population, more land has to be made available for housing purposes. Since 1992, there is an increase in housing availability due to continuous construction of accommodation (Housing and Development Board, 2009). Inevitably, more land has to be deforested in order for more estates to be built. Although there is an increase in demand for land, the Singapore government has retained a substantial amount of nature reserves such as the Bukit Timah Nature Reserve and Kent Ridge Park (National Parks Board, n.d.). However, nature reserves such as Kent Ridge Park are secondary forest. The soil conditions are not optimal for the growth of many organisms. As a result, our biodiversity will still be lost (Tan, Morgany & Kai-Xin, 2009). Singapore is a country without any natural resources. The only form of resources that Singapore can fully utilize is human talent. It is certainly inevitable for Singapore to constantly accept immigrants who can contribute to the Singapore economy. These foreign talents will then have to be housed. In 2030, the targeted population in Singapore is set to be approximately 6 million as predicted by the Singapore government (Singapolitics, 2013). This target is a huge jump from the current population in Singapore as of now. This denotes that we will still need more housing properties to accommodate the uprising population. Singapore is still embedded in this vicious cycle. Soon, these nature reserves have to be forgone to accommodate Singapore’s immigrants and her developments. Globalization has resulted in an influx of immigrants in Singapore and as a result of housing them, more land has to be cleared and having a direct impact on our biodiversity.

Competition in globalization has resulted in an increased number of industries (Halsall, 2007). There is an imminent increase in industrial activities globally. Wealthier countries such as the United States will tap on the comparative advantage of countries such as China where there is an abundance of labour force (Wang & Mei, 2009). In countries where productions materialize, there is minimal control in disposal of waste. This instantaneously led to an increase in pollution and global warming (National Geographic, 2007). Global warming is a ubiquitous challenge faced in countries. It is commonly defined as an increase in atmospheric temperature. The atmospheric temperature has been increasing yearly, resulting in unsuitable conditions for organisms to live in (Natural Resources Defense Council, 2008). Organisms that are not able to sustain in this harsh condition will gradually perish. Singapore has experienced an increase in global temperature and a drastic fall in rain volumes, resulting in a non-optimal temperature for various species (National Environment Agency, 2014). As organisms perish, our biodiversity is declining. Laws have been implemented to control the amount of pollutant emission (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2012). However, the implementation of laws does not totally uproot this deeply rooted problem. It only mitigates and not eradicates the problem. In the eyes of shrewd producers, an implemented law does not restrict them from emitting more so long as their profit outweighs their penalty. Preventing global warming by restricting pollutant emission cannot be mitigated overnight. A long-term universal solution is needed – education. Through education, the self-awareness of individuals will be increased. Environmental protection is the responsibility of every individual. Our future generation’s fate hinges in our hands. These ideas should be brought forward to everyone. Educating the hearts and minds, yet not the hands, is a vital process. Despite these solutions available, I would like to reiterate that globalization has indirectly resulted in a lost of biodiversity as a result of global warming which is caused by pollutants and greenhouse gas emission.

Globalization is a dual-edged knife. While it may satisfy our craving for products, our biodiversity is constantly being put at stake. Insignificant effects of globalization such as migration and global warming have exacerbated the rate of diminishing biodiversity. Mitigation factors such as preserving nature reserves and law enforcement may seem viable, but this is not true in the long run. A more enduring solution such as education is needed to protect our generations, as well as the future. Whilst we are coming up with modernistic solution, vast biodiversity are still being lost. Is it that we are not doing enough, or that the rate of globalization is too fast that we are unable to comprehend?

References:

James R. Faulconbridge & Jonathan V. Beaverstock, 2008, Globalization: Interconnected Worlds, page 331, retrieved from http://www.corwin.com/upm-data/24132_19_Hollway_Ch_19.pdf

International Union for Conservation of Nature, 2005, Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. retrieved from http://www.globalissues.org/article/171/loss-of-biodiversity-and-extinctions

Central Intelligence Agency, 2011, The world Factbook, retrieved from https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2212.html

Barry W. Brook, Navjot S. Sodhi & Peter K. L. Ng, 2003, Catastrophic extinction follow deforestation in Singapore, retrieved from http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v424/n6947/full/nature01795.html

The World Bank, 2009, Net migration data, retrieved from http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SM.POP.NETM

Central Intelligence Agency, 2013, The World Factbook, retrieved from https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2112.html

Housing and Development Board, 2009, Key Statistics, retrieved from http://www.hdb.gov.sg/fi10/fi10221p.nsf/0/d4a0f107613b79944825766200236310/$FILE/Key%20Statistics.pdf

National Parks Board, n.d., Nature Reserves, http://www.nparks.gov.sg/cms/index.php?option=com_visitorsguide&task=naturereserves&Itemid=379

H.T.W Tan, T. Morgany & Tan Kai-Xin, 2009, The History and Biology of Kent Ridge Park, page 9, retrieved from http://www.nus.edu.sg/oes/pdf/natural_krp_history.pdf

Singapolitics, 2013, Amended notion on white paper adopted; 6.9m is not a target, retrieved from http://www.singapolitics.sg/news/amended-motion-white-paper-adopted-69-m-not-target

Paul Halsall, 2007, Modern History Sourcebook: Tables Illustrating the Spread of Industrialization, Table 1 & Table 2, retrieve from http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/indrevtabs1.asp

Jici Wang & Lixia Mei, 2009, Dynamics of labour-intensive clusters in China: Relying on low labour cost or cultivating innovation, retrieved from http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---inst/documents/publication/wcms_193157.pdf

National Geographic 2007, Global Warming Fast Facts, retrieved from http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/12/1206_041206_global_warming.html

Natural Resources Defense Council, 2008, The Consequence of Global Warming On Wildlife, http://www.nrdc.org/globalwarming/fcons/fcons3.asp

National Environment Agency, 2014, Weather Statistics, http://app2.nea.gov.sg/weather-climate/climate-information/weather-statistics

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2012, Law and Policies, http://www.epa.gov/oppt/p2home/pubs/laws.htm

Essay Outline 2

Problem: Collapse in biodiversity and climate change

Research question: Has Singapore faced problems such as collapse in biodiversity and climate change as a result of globalization

Introduction:

Background:
As a result of rapid globalization, Singapore’s biodiversity has suffered tremendously. Due to rapid climate change, it has resulted in a change in biodiversity.

There are several solutions available. Among these solutions, the most effective solution will be law and enforcement by the government, which is a short-term solution. The long-term solution will be constant education of the general public.

Thesis statement: As a result of globalization, Singapore had been facing problems such as collapse in biodiversity.

Body Paragraph 1:

Topic sentence: Globalization has indirectly cause rapid deforestation in Singapore.

Description: Globalization inevitably increased the number of foreigners in Singapore as a result of migration. More land has to be made available to house the immigrants, therefore, resulting in rapid deforestation which resulted in a lost of biodiversity

Solution:

Existing solution: Singapore has retained a substantial amount of land as nature reserve (Bukit Timah Hill and Kent Ridge Park).

Effectiveness: However, this is insufficient because most organisms might not be able to live in the particular environment.

Explanation: Not effective. Singapore is a country without any natural resources. The only form of resources that Singapore can tap on is human’s talents and capabilities. Therefore, it is inevitable for Singapore to constantly accept immigrants who are able to contribute to our society (Foreign talents). Therefore, we will still be stuck in this vicious cycle. Eventually, our nature reserves have to be forgone for Singapore’s development

Improvement on existing solutions: Better allocation of land and building of HDB flats with higher floors.

Body Paragraph 2:

Topic sentence: An increase in industrial activity indirectly results in a lost in biodiversity.

Description: As a result of rapid globalization, there is a vast increase in industrial activity. Due to lack of enforcement, there was very minimal control in the disposal of waste. Hence, most industrial waste were not treated properly and disposed of. As a result, it increases the rate of pollution and the volume of greenhouse gases, which causes global warming, which is commonly defined as an increase in the atmospheric temperature. An increase in temperature will result in a lost of biodiversity as many organisms (plants) do not survive well in harsh temperature and also due to a lost in habitat.

Solution: Law enforcement on the amount of pollutant released

Effectiveness: Not effective. Law enforcement on the amount of pollutant does not totally inhibit the production of greenhouse gases. It mitigates the problem, but does not eradicate. Therefore, global warming will still happen continuously.

In the eye of the producer, it is okay to pay more tax for their over-emission, as long as they make an overall profit from their products.

Improvement on solution: Education – long term solution